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Environmental biodetection (BD) and human biosurveillance (BSV) are part of the foundation of national biodefense. The Department of Homeland Security's (DHS's) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) chemical and biological defense (CBD) research and development (R&D) portfolio improves technologies and operations in both of these areas. In the context of evolving technologies, greater adversary capabilities, and unpredictable federal budgets, this report examines S&T's CBD R&D portfolio to identify priorities for future investments. The policy context includes multiple national strategies addressing biodefense, biosurveillance, health security, and national security; multiple federal agencies have missions and programming in this space. The R&D outputs of most CBD projects and most projects in illustrative inventories of non-S&T CBD R&D are not ready for deployment. S&T's CBD R&D has focused more on environmental BD than on human BSV. While S&T has supported some projects to develop tests for environmental or human samples, other federal agencies have supported more studies in this area. There is less R&D-supported by S&T or other sources-that targets system configuration or concept of operations (CONOPS). The recommendations are to (1) develop a DHS strategic plan for environmental BD and human BSV R (2) prioritize environmental BD over human BSV for future DHS R&D investments, given the department's unique role in this area; (3) prioritize R&D addressing CONOPS; (4) actively monitor R&D supported by other agencies, and adapt relevant outputs to meet DHS needs; (5) shorten the timeline for real-world application by prioritizing midstage and later stage R&D over early stage research.

Biosecurity --- Bioterrorism --- Research --- Prevention.

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The International Society for Economics and Social Sciences of Animal Health (ISESSAH) research has organized Research Topics as proceedings of the 2nd ISESSAH conference (https://www.alphavisa.com/isessah-innovsur/2018/) that was held on 14th and 15th of May 2018 in Montpellier, France. The conference explored the field of economics and social sciences of animal health and aims to improve animal health and welfare policies, programs and projects through more nuanced use of concepts and tools available in economics and social science disciplines. The proceedings provided a forum for all conference registrants to contribute scientific articles and posters in this growing field. This is a continuation of the Inaugural ISESSAH conference proceedings.

economics --- social sciences --- ISESSAH --- infectious diseases --- biosecurity

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biohazardous releases --- biosecurity initiatives --- bioterrorism --- biological invasions --- emerging infectious diseases --- biologcial welfare

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

cyberbiosecurity --- biosecurity --- cybersecurity --- Biotechnology --- Biopharma --- Cyber-Biological Infrastructure --- Food and Agriculture Systems --- National and Transnational Security

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In September 2011, scientists announced new experimental findings that would not only threaten the conduct and publication of influenza research, but would have significant policy and intelligence implications. The findings presented a modified variant of the H5N1 avian influenza virus (hereafter referred to as the H5N1 virus) that was transmissible via aerosol between ferrets. These results suggested a worrisome possibility: the existence of a new airborne and highly lethal H5N1 virus that could cause a deadly global pandemic. In response, a series of international discussions on the nature of dual-use life science arose. These discussions addressed the complex social, technical, political, security, and ethical issues related to dual-use research. This Research Topic will be devoted to contributions that explore this matrix of issues from a variety of case study and international perspectives.

Social Welfare & Social Work - General --- Social Welfare & Social Work --- Social Sciences --- H5N1 --- biosecurity --- Synthetic Biology --- Public Health --- Dual Use --- avian influenza --- Bioterrorism